Urupa Tautaiao: Jovens Maori exploram antigas práticas funerárias em direção a sustentabilidade
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29147/datjournal.v8i1.702Palavras-chave:
Conhecimento Māori, Sustentabilidade Indígena, Rangatahi (juventude), Urupā tautaiao (sepulturas verdes), Tapu (sagrado)Resumo
A virada para epistemologias indígenas é uma das mudanças mais emocionantes e revolucionárias que aconteceram na universidade nas últimas três décadas e está acelerando sua influência em Aotearoa, Nova Zelândia. Traz consigo novas formas dinâmicas de pensar sobre a pesquisa e novas metodologias para conduzi-la, uma maior conscientização sobre os diferentes tipos de conhecimento que a prática indígena pode transmitir e um corpo esclarecedor de informações sobre o processo criativo. A prática indígena fornece acesso a outras formas de conhecimento e abordagens alternativas para conduzir e apresentar o conhecimento. Este artigo discute um projeto Māori neste contexto, que visa desafiar os indígenas a (re)avaliar as práticas ambientalmente prejudiciais pós-coloniais no espaço da morte. O projeto explora o conceito de atitudes rangatahi (jovens Māori) para revitalizar as antigas práticas de morte Māori para informar o desenvolvimento da intervenção de design destinada a desafiar as práticas coloniais mortuárias. Como tal, faz parte de uma pesquisa maior apoiada pelo Marsden Fund da Royal Society of New Zealand. O resultado do projeto inclui o design de um moderno local de comemoração de urupā tautaiao (enterro natural), aplicando tecnologia como plataformas tribais de mídia social sobre a morte e mapeamento GPS de wāhi tapu (locais sagrados). A morte é altamente tapu (sagrado) para Māori e requer observação rigorosa de rituais para garantir a segurança espiritual. A revitalização dos saberes tribais não é prerrogativa apenas dos mais velhos, as vozes dos jovens indígenas devem ser ouvidas porque são o futuro, do planeta e das pessoas. Este projeto contribui para a compreensão de pesquisas que navegam por fronteiras filosóficas, intergeracionais, territoriais e comunitárias, evidenciando teorias e metodologias que informam os estudos culturais e a prática criativa.
Downloads
Referências
Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 1(3), 385–405. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/146879410100100307?casa_token=iLOFGkqsxiIAAAAA:bR63k6QAcu-xVtSHASTghPbjqzGCFSoO671I7UU3ebs_Mvp29IsAnhiQb1sxWthgubdfFFPpb0S5
Auckland City Council. (2019, August 27). More burial capacity for Waikumete Cemetery. Auckland Council. https://ourauckland.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/articles/news/2019/08/more-burialhttps://ourauckland.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/articles/news/2019/08/more-burial-capacity-for-waikumete-cemetery/capacity-for-waikumete-cemetery/.
Basmajian, C., & Coutts, C. (2010). Planning for the disposal of the dead. Journal of the American Planning Association, 76(3), 305–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0194436100379191
Biegelsen, A. (2012, November 1). America's Looming Burial Crisis. Bloomberg.
http://www.citylab.com/housing/2012/10/americas-looming-burialcrisis/3752/
Boret. S. P. (2014). Japanese Tree Burial: Ecology, Kinship and the Culture of Death. Routledge.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://biotap.utk.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Using-thematic-analysis-in-psychology-1.pdf.pdf
Bretzel, R., & Citelli, A. (2018). Capsula Mundi: Life Never Stops. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Health 2(2), 1-2. https://www.scitechnol.com/peer-review/capsula-mundi-life-never-stops-g6ez.php?article_id=7919
Chiappelli, J., & Chiappelli, T. (2008). Drinking Grandma: The Problem of Embalming. Journal of Environmental Health, 71(5), 24–29. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26327817
Coatham, J. (2019, November 12). The young climate activists who broke through to the halls of power. The Spinoff. https://thespinoff.co.nz/politics/12-11-2019/how-a-group-of-young-climate-activists-broke-through-to-the-halls-of-power
Coombs, S. (2014). Death wears a T-shirt–listening to young people talk about death. Mortality, 19(3), 284-302. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13576275.2014.916257?casa_token=Ki5r22SH5b4AAAAA:n2k98xkbqcW4cWKZKdGIJ8nLRHLnxbjHIkgxUYieMjxgI_vs47mCx3z4t8amvN6raBkkxibA3pHfdg
Corner, A., Roberts, O., Chiari, S., Völler, S., Mayrhuber, E. S., Mandl, S., & Monson, K. (2015). How do young people engage with climate change? The role of knowledge, values, message framing, and trusted communicators. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 6(5), 523-534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcc.353
De Clerck, H. M., Willems, R., Timmerman, C., & Carling, J. (2011). Instruments and guidelines for qualitative fieldwork. EUMAGINE Project. http://eumagine.org/outputs/PP6B%20Instruments%20and%20guidelines%20for%20qualitative%20fieldwork.pdf
Green, D., & Raygorodetsky, G. (2010). Indigenous knowledge of a changing climate. Climatic Change, 100(2), 239. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gleb-Raygorodetsky/publication/225414449_Indigenous_knowledge_of_a_changing_climate/links/62706baf973bbb29cc5d3450/Indigenous-knowledge-of-a-changing-climate.pdf
Guntarik, O., & Daley, L. (2017). Indigenous creative practice research: between convention and creativity. New Writing, 14(3), 409-422. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790726.2017.1290117
Hancock, B. (1998). An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Trent Focus. http://faculty.cbu.ca/pmacintyre/course_pages/MBA603/MBA603_files/IntroQualitativeResearch.pdf
Hancock, B., Ockleford, E., & Windridge, K. (2001). An introduction to qualitative research. Trent focus group. https://www.academia.edu/download/54784339/5_Introduction-to-qualitative-research-2009.pdf
Harmsworth, G. R., & Awatere, S. (2013). Indigenous Māori knowledge and perspectives of ecosystems. Ecosystem services in New Zealand—conditions and trends. Manaaki Whenua Press, 274-286. http://www.mwpress.co.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/77047/2_1_Harmsworth.pdf
Henry, E., & Pene, H. (2001). Kaupapa Maori: Locating indigenous ontology, epistemology and methodology in the academy. Organization, 8(2), 234-242. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1350508401082009?casa_token=i1-lgMEmdoAAAAAA:VWuE4HGplmP1d6lFg1RE4G4VyrwP2Upv60GmX5IGfIPT7wTyU0yyBqp5sF8qNPc_XmLYcV3J5lRV
Himmelweit, H. T., & Gaskell, G. (1990). Societal psychology. Sage Publications.
Kawharu, M. (2000). Kaitiakitanga: a Maori anthropological perspective of the Maori socio-environmental ethic of resource management. The Journal of the Polynesian Society, 109(4), 349-370. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/20706951.pdf?casa_token=awdfHmYl4CkAAAAA:lCcd8SxT6RnjuRSXgNaFDJul927zVO_0gRFHjq22XzhCI6EmQqr6xKqhA9l0pNno86rZVBccmMW4a48c1COEAuONepKF62IbCkKPXvUeOCi2Yz1yo3w
Keegan, T. T. A. G., & Sciascia, A. D. (2018). Hangarau me te Māori: Māori and technology. https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10289/11955/Keegan.pdf?sequence=12
Keijzer, E. (2017). The environmental impact of activities after life: life cycle assessment of funerals. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 22(5), 715-730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-016-1183-9
MacKay, M., Parlee, B., & Sarsgaard, C. (2020). Youth engagement in climate change action: Case study on indigenous youth at COP24. Sustainability, 12(16), 1-17. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/16/6299/pdf
McKenzie, P. (2020, January 16). Activist boot camps need brown voices. Newsroom. https://www.newsroom.co.nz/activist-boot-camps-need-brown-voices
McManus, J. (2015, March 13). The world is running out of burial space. BBC News.
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-31837964
McNeill, H. N. (2017). Māori and the natural environment from an occupational justice perspective. Journal of Occupational Science, 24(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2016.1245158
McNeill, H. (2022a). Urupā Tautaiao: Revitalising ancient customs and practices for the modern world. In M. Mortensen Steagall & Nesteriuk, S. (Eds.) Proceedings of LINK 2022 International Conference of Practice, Design and Global South (pp. 45-48). Auckland University of Technology Library.
McNeill, H. N., Linda Buckley, H., & Marunui Iki Pouwhare, R. (2022b). Decolonizing Indigenous Burial Practices in Aotearoa, New Zealand: A Tribal Case Study. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 0(0), 1-15. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00302228211070153
Mersinoglu, Y. C. (2020, August 28). Green teen memes: How TikTok could save the planet. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/aug/28/green-teen-memes-how-tiktok-could-save-the-planet-aoe
Milroy, S. (2014). Urupa reservations. [Māori land court publication] Judge’s Corner.
Nairn, K., Kidman, J., Matthews, K. R., Showden, C. R., & Parker, A. (2021). Living in and out of time: Youth-led activism in Aotearoa New Zealand. Time & Society, 30(2), 247-269. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0961463X21989858?casa_token=a6wcYibMX-QAAAAA:C0HYSYoFqc1biTkiYTsHdngezXZ7Lf9SOULMSJp5MNYde82wTLkpx5KAN2BMOvE7OSxc7T1WoAzDQg
Nansen, B., Gould, H., Arnold, M., & Gibbs, M. (2021). Media, mortality and necro-technologies: Eulogies for dead media. Sage. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/14614448211027959?casa_token=KLwN9GFz97gAAAAA:TZiqAAItsnNgA3-F5KquDfE3PyRLqVGib-ZXJegQQ0B_EaSbpzfa5pqNR9LYtHQKQOz0HzN7UM-r0g
Niall, T. (2020, March 9). Climate Change: Young and diverse voices seize debate in Auckland. Stuff. https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/119617262/climate-change-young-and-diverse-voices-seize-debate-in-auckland
O’Brien, K., Selboe, E., & Hayward, B. M. (2018). Exploring youth activism on climate change. Ecology and Society, 23(3), 1-14. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26799169
Phillips, L. G., Ritchie, J., & Perales, F. (2019). Surveying support for child and youth political participation in Australia and New Zealand. Citizenship Studies, 23(5), 460-485. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2019.1620687
Rangiwai, B. (2018). Ko au ko te taiao, ko te taiao ko au–I am the environment and the environment is me: A Māori theology of the environment. Te Kaharoa, 11(1), 638-652.https://ojs.aut.ac.nz/te-kaharoa/index.php/tekaharoa/article/download/241/221
Rashmi, A. S., Namratha, V., and Sahithi, P. (2015). Capsula mundi: an organic burial pod. European Journal Advanced Engineering Technology. 2(8), 49–53. https://ejaet.com/PDF/2-8/EJAET-2-8-49-53.pdf
Ritchie, J. (2021). Movement from the margins to global recognition: climate change activism by young people and in particular indigenous youth. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 30(1-2), 53-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/09620214.2020.1854830
Selby, R., Moore, P., & Mulholland, M. (2010). Māori and the environment: Kaitiaki. Huia.
Smith, L. (2021). Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. (3rd ed.). Zed Books. (Original Work published 1999).
Stewart-Harawira, M. (2005). The new imperial order: Indigenous responses to globalization. Zed Books.
Stowe, J. P., Schmidt, E. V., & Green, D. (2001). Toxic burials: The final insult. Conservation Biology, 15(6), 1817–1819. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.00348.x1739.2001.00348.x
Sullivan, C. L. T. (2013). Te Okiokinga Mutunga Kore-The Eternal Rest: Investigating Māori Attitudes towards Death [Doctoral dissertation, University of Otago]. University of Otago Archives. https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/4056/SullivanCourtneyLT2013MA.pdf?sequence=1
Sutherland, M., & Lal, S. (2020, February 5). What Pākehā call climate activism is survival for indigenous people. Stuff. https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/119751558/what-pakeha-call-climate-activism-is-survival-for-indigenous-people
Taft, J. (2011). Rebel girls: youth activism and social change across the Americas. NYU Press.
Tahana, J. (2019, December 11). COP25: Calls for indigenous voices to be heard. Radio New Zealand. https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/405257/cop25-calls-for-indigenous-voices-to-be-heard
Te Wai Māori. (2020, May 4). Rereata Makiha – Maramataka and the science of living by the moon [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4MTE7E3R_Q&ab_channel=TeWaiM%C4%81ori
Voykovic, A. A. (1981). Nga roimata o Hine-nui-te-Po: death in Māori life (Doctoral dissertation, University of Otago).
Walker, R. (2004). Ka Whaiwhai Tonu Matou Struggle Without End. Penguin Books. (Original work published 1990)
Walker, E. T., Wehi, P. M., Nelson, N. J., Beggs, J. R., & Whaanga, H. (2019). Kaitiakitanga, place and the urban restoration agenda. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 43(3), 1-8. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26841824.pdf?casa_token=REXXQvgcpLMAAAAA:-wGnNviUVgTUGAjqLXGxhFYvG2PFYATPjWblVoL7OJ1fv9KLo1XP9rFKqW5AZPZetGcGQQTzl2Hwqniyisucto6TM4ef_vcPVfJPDh9BX-ysPXAV4U92
Winter, C. J. (2020). Does time colonise intergenerational environmental justice theory?. Environmental Politics, 29(2), 278-296. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2019.1569745
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2023 DAT Journal
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
